The American Nation Chapter 17 Section 1 Guided Reading and Review Answers

The American Nation Affiliate 17 The Civil State of war, 1861– 1865 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing every bit Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

The American Nation Chapter 17: The Ceremonious State of war, 1861– 1865 Department i: The Conflict Takes Shape Section 2: No Easy Victory Department 3: A Promise of Freedom Department 4: Hardships of War Section 5: The War Ends Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing every bit Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

The Conflict Takes Shape Affiliate 17, Section 1 • What issues divided the nation when the war began? • What were the primary strengths and weaknesses of the Due north and the South at the beginning of the war? • Who were the leaders of each side in the war?

Issues That Divided the Nation Affiliate 17, Section i Southerners • Southerners believed that they had the correct to go out the Union. They called the conflict the War for Southern Independence. • Southerners wanted to keep their traditional way of life— including slavery. Northerners • Northerners believed that they had to fight to save the Union. • Some northerners wanted to cancel slavery. Others approved of slavery. Border States • Slave states that were notwithstanding in the Union in 1861 had to decide what to exercise. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy. • Four slave states remained with the Union. These border states were Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware. • Some people who lived in the edge states supported the Southward. Pro-Confederate mobs attacked Union troops in Maryland. President Lincoln declared martial law, or dominion by the ground forces instead of the elected government.

Dividing the Nation Affiliate 17, Department 1

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Due north and the Due south Chapter 17, Department 1 Northern Strengths • The North had a large population to call on for food product and military service. • The North had most of the nation's factories. Earlier the state of war, they produced more 90 percent of the nation's manufactured goods. • The North had a potent navy and a large fleet of merchant ships. Southern Strengths • Defending their homeland way of life gave white southerners a strong reason to fight. • Amalgamated soldiers knew the southern countryside. • Southern civilians helped the Amalgamated forces.

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Northward and the South Affiliate 17, Section 1 Northern Weaknesses • Northern soldiers had to conquer a huge expanse. Instead of defending their homes, they were invading unfamiliar country. • Union supply lines had to stretch out much farther than Confederate ones. Southern Weaknesses • The S had few factories to produce weapons and other supplies. • The South had few railroads to motility troops and supplies. Many rail lines did non connect to a railroad network. • The Confederate constitution favored states' rights and limited the key government. Sometimes, this made it difficult to get things done. • The South had a pocket-size population compared to the Due north. As a result, the South did not take enough people to support the war effort. • The South had few ships.

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Northward and the South Chapter 17, Section 1

The War's Leaders Chapter 17, Section 1 Confederate President Jefferson Davis: • attended the United States Military Academy at W Point • was an officer in the Mexican War • was Secretary of War nether President Franklin Pierce • was respected for his honesty and courage Union President Abraham Lincoln: • did not accept much experience in national politics • did not take military experience • turned out to be a strong leader and fine war planner • had a sense of humor • could accept criticism Amalgamated Commander Robert E. Lee: • Lincoln had asked him to control the Spousal relationship regular army • was loyal to his country of Virginia

Section 1 Assessment Chapter 17, Department 1 When the war began, most northerners believed they were fighting in society to a) abolish slavery. b) save the Union. c) influence the edge states. d) get independent from the Union. 1 important advantage of the Northward was that a) it produced more cotton wool than the South. b) its soldiers knew the countryside amend than the Confederates. c) its people were fighting to salvage their homes. d) it had near of the nation's industry. Desire to connect to the American History link for this section? Click hither.

Section i Assessment Chapter 17, Section 1 When the war began, most northerners believed they were fighting in order to a) abolish slavery. b) save the Union. c) influence the border states. d) go independent from the Union. One important reward of the North was that a) it produced more than cotton fiber than the Due south. b) its soldiers knew the countryside meliorate than the Confederates. c) its people were fighting to save their homes. d) it had most of the nation's manufacture. Desire to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

No Like shooting fish in a barrel Victory Affiliate 17, Section 2 • What strategies did each side adopt to win the war? • How did early on encounters dispel hopes for a quick end to the war? • What victories did the Confederates achieve? • What victories did the Spousal relationship achieve?

Strategies for Winning the War Chapter 17, Section 2 Union plans • Employ the navy to blockade southern ports. • In the East, seize the Confederate capital— Richmond, Virginia. • In the West, seize control of the Mississippi River. This would continue the Confederates from using the river to supply troops, and it would also separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana from the residuum of the Confederacy. Confederate plans • Fight a defensive state of war until northerners tired of fighting and gave upwards. • Use European money and supplies to help fight the war. Southerners expected Europeans to recognize the Confederacy as an contained nation.

Early on Encounters Cease Hopes for A Quick End to War Chapter 17, Department 2 Engagement Boxing What Happened Results July 21, 1861 Boxing of Bull Run Lincoln sent troops to attack the Confederate capital. Union and Amalgamated troops clashed betwixt Washington, D. C. , and Richmond, Virginia. Finally, the Matrimony troops retreated. Lincoln appointed a new commander of the Wedlock ground forces of the East, General George Mc. Clellan. In the end, he turned out to be as well cautious. Mc. Clellan's troops moved toward Richmond Robert East. Lee attacked Mc. Clellan'southward troops. At the same time, Lee sent Stonewall Jackson north to threaten Washington, D. C. With Washington, D. C. , threatened, Lincoln could not send the rest of the Union ground forces to help Mc. Clellan retreated. March 1862

Early Encounters Cease Hopes for A Quick End to War Affiliate 17, Section 2 Engagement Battle What Happened Results March 1862 Monitor and the Merrimack, or Virginia Confederates covered a Union warship, the Merrimack, with fe plates and renamed it the Virginia. The Union besides built an ironclad, the Monitor. The 2 vessels fought nearly Virginia. In this first boxing of ironclad ships, neither vessel seriously damaged the other, and both withdrew. However, ironclad ships changed naval warfare. September 1862 Battle of Antietam Hoping for a southern victory on northern soil, Lee marched into Maryland. Mc. Clellan learned of his plans, but was slow to attack. At last, the two sides met. Both sides suffered neat losses. Neither side won. Because Lee withdrew, northern morale was raised. Lincoln replaced the cautious Mc. Clellan with Ambrose Burnside.

Early Encounters End Hopes for A Quick Stop to War Chapter 17, Section 2

Confederate Victories in the Due east Chapter 17, Section ii Appointment Boxing What Happened Results December 1862 Boxing of Fredericksburg Lee's forces met Burnside's ground forces. Lee'southward forces dug into the crest of a hill. Every bit wave later on wave of Union troops charged, Amalgamated guns mowed them down. This was i of the Union's worst defeats. Boxing of Chancellors-ville Lee, aided by Stonewall Jackson, outmaneuvered Spousal relationship forces in a thickly wooded area. Lee and Jackson defeated the Union troops in a three -day boxing. A southern lookout man shot Stonewall Jackson by mistake. Jackson died before long subsequently. May 1863

Union Victories in the West Chapter 17, Department ii Date Battle What Happened Results Feb 1862 Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Wedlock troops under Ulysses S. Grant captured the two Tennessee forts. The Union gained control of two tributaries of the Mississippi. April vi– 7, 1862 Battle of Shiloh Confederate forces surprised Grant'southward Union forces and drove them dorsum toward the river. With the assist of fresh troops, Grant beat dorsum the Confederates. The Matrimony won control of the Tennessee River. Information technology was i of the bloodiest battles of the war. April 1862 New Orleans Union gunboats captured New Orleans. Other ships captured Memphis, Tennessee. The Union now controlled both ends of the Mississippi.

Section 2 Assessment Chapter 17, Section 2 When Lincoln sent Marriage troops to assault Confederate forces for the first time, the boxing that followed was called the a) Battle of Antietam. b) Battle of Chancellorsville. c) Battle of Shiloh. d) Battle of Bull Run. One reason the Matrimony wanted to seize control of the Mississippi River was because a) then the Confederacy would no longer be able to use the river to supply its troops. b) control of the river would help the Spousal relationship seize the Amalgamated upper-case letter. c) Matrimony ships could use the river to blockade Confederate ports. d) losing the river would cause the Confederates to give up. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Section 2 Assessment Affiliate 17, Department 2 When Lincoln sent Union troops to attack Confederate forces for the first fourth dimension, the battle that followed was called the a) Battle of Antietam. b) Battle of Chancellorsville. c) Battle of Shiloh. d) Boxing of Bull Run. Ane reason the Union wanted to seize control of the Mississippi River was because a) then the Confederacy would no longer be able to use the river to supply its troops. b) control of the river would assistance the Wedlock seize the Confederate capital. c) Marriage ships could use the river to blockade Confederate ports. d) losing the river would crusade the Confederates to give upwardly. Desire to connect to the American History link for this section? Click hither.

A Promise of Freedom Affiliate 17, Section 3 • What was Lincoln'southward chief goal in the war? • What were the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation? • How did African Americans contribute to the state of war endeavour both in the Matrimony regular army and backside Confederate lines?

Lincoln's Goal in the War Chapter 17, Section iii "If I could salve the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could relieve it past freeing all the slaves, I would practice it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. " —Abraham Lincoln, August 22, 1862, quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln

The Emancipation Proclamation Chapter 17, Section 3 What was the Emancipation Announcement? • Abraham Lincoln decided to emancipate, or free, enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy. On Jan 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the formal announcement that freed slaves in the Confederacy, but not in slave states that remained with the Marriage or in Confederate lands that had been captured by the Marriage. Why did Lincoln effect the Emancipation Annunciation? • Emancipation would weaken the Confederacy's power to deport on the war. • He hoped to innovate the idea of emancipation slowly, by limiting information technology to territory controlled by the Confederacy. He expected to introduce the idea of emancipation in other areas later.

The Emancipation Proclamation Affiliate 17, Section 3 What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have? • The announcement changed the purpose of the war. Now, Marriage troops were fighting to end slavery likewise equally to salvage the Union. • Southerners were angered. They saw the announcement equally a "fiend'south act" to destroy their holding. • Europeans were sympathetic to the announcement. Now they were less likely to side with the South.

African American Contributions in the War Affiliate 17, Section three • • • Free African Americans and escaped slaves enlisted in the Marriage army. At starting time black troops served simply as laborers, building roads and guarding supplies. By 1863, African American troops were fighting in major battles. I of the most famous African American units was the 54 th Massachusetts Regiment. In 1863, this regiment led an attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. Under heavy fire, they fought their fashion into the fort before they were forced to retreat. The bravery of these soldiers helped win respect for African American soldiers. Backside Confederate lines, many enslaved African Americans slowed down piece of work or refused to work at all. Wherever a Union regular army appeared, slaves from all over the area would cross the Union lines to freedom. Past the end of the war, nigh one 4th of the South'due south enslaved population had escaped.

Section 3 Assessment Chapter 17, Department iii At the beginning of the Ceremonious War, President Lincoln's goal in the state of war was to a) gratuitous enslaved African Americans in all the slave states. b) free enslaved African Americans in the Amalgamated states. c) restore the Union. d) convince Uk to join the Spousal relationship side in the war. The impact of the Emancipation Declaration was that a) most slaves on southern plantations gained their liberty. b) at present Union troops were fighting to terminate slavery every bit well as to salve the Union. c) slaves in Missouri, Kentucky, Westward Virginia, and Maryland gained liberty. d) now Union troops were fighting for a new line between slave and gratuitous states. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click hither.

Section 3 Assessment Affiliate 17, Section 3 At the start of the Civil War, President Lincoln's goal in the war was to a) free enslaved African Americans in all the slave states. b) costless enslaved African Americans in the Confederate states. c) restore the Spousal relationship. d) convince United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland to join the Marriage side in the state of war. The impact of the Emancipation Announcement was that a) about slaves on southern plantations gained their freedom. b) at present Marriage troops were fighting to stop slavery besides every bit to salvage the Union. c) slaves in Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland gained liberty. d) now Union troops were fighting for a new line betwixt slave and free states. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Hardships of State of war Chapter 17, Department 4 • What was life like for Confederate and Union soldiers? • What problems did each side face at habitation? • How did the war affect the economy of the North and the South? • What office did women play in the state of war?

The Hard Life of Soldiers Chapter 17, Section 4 • Near soldiers were under the age of 21. As the death toll rose, the South drafted boys equally young as 17 and men as old as 50. • New engineering science added to the horror of war. In nigh battles, 1 fourth or more of the soldiers were killed or wounded. • Medical care on the battleground was crude. Surgeons routinely amputated injured artillery and legs. Germ-free atmospheric condition were poor, and null was known about germs or how wounds became infected. • Diseases like pneumonia and malaria killed more men than guns or cannons.

Problems at Domicile in the N Chapter 17, Section four • Some northerners opposed using force to keep the South in the Matrimony. Supporters of the war chosen these people Copperheads, later on the poisonous snake. • At that place was a shortage of volunteers to serve in the army. Some men took coin to enlist in the regular army, then deserted. • In 1863, Congress passed a draft law, a law requiring all able-bodied males between ages xx and 45 to serve in the war machine if they were called. Opposition to the draft law led to riots. • President Lincoln moved to terminate the riots and other "disloyal practices. " Several times, he suspended habeas corpus, the right to exist charged or take a hearing before being jailed. The President also said that those arrested could be tried under the stricter rules of a armed forces courtroom.

Problems at Domicile in the South Affiliate 17, Section 4 • Many southerners firmly believed in states' rights. They resisted paying taxes to a central regime, so the government could not collect enough money to pay for the war. • Like the North, the S was forced to pass a draft law to make full its army. • Nigh the end of the war, the Southward no longer had enough white men to fill the ranks. • The Confederate congress reluctantly agrees to allow enslaved African Americans serve. The war ends earlier this can take place.

How the State of war Affected the Southern Economic system Affiliate 17, Section 4 • • Income tax—To pay for the war, Congress established the nation's first income tax, or taxation on people's earnings, in 1861. A new agency, the Internal Revenue Bureau, oversaw the collection of taxes. Aggrandizement—The Union issued millions of dollars worth of bonds. When taxes and bonds did not raise enough coin, the Northward printed more than than $400 million in paper money. Equally the coin supply increased, each dollar became worth less. In response, businesses raised their prices. The Due north experienced aggrandizement, a rise in prices and a decrease in the value of coin. Increased farm production—With so many farmers going off to war, the demand rose for farm machines to plant and harvest crops. Farm production really went up. Increased industrial profits—Wartime need for clothing, shoes, guns, and other appurtenances helped many northern industries. Some manufacturers made fortunes past profiteering. Profiteers charged excessive prices for desperately needed war goods.

How the War Afflicted the Northern Economy Chapter 17, Section 4 • • Income taxation—To raise coin, the Confederacy imposed an income tax and a taxation-in-kind. The tax-in-kind required farmers to turn over one 10th of their crops to the government. Aggrandizement—The South printed and then much paper coin that wild inflation set in. Loss of the cotton trade—The war damaged the cotton trade. President Davis stopped the Due south's cotton trade with U.k.. He was hoping to strength U.k. to side with the South in return for cotton fiber. United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, however, but bought its cotton from Egypt and Bharat instead. Severe shortages—The Union blockade created severe shortages of goods from overseas. The South began to build and run its own factories. The blockade as well brought food shortages. Many plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock.

Women in the War Chapter 17, Section 4 • With so many men gone to war, women took jobs in industry and on farms. • Women's aid societies helped supply the troops with food, bedding, article of clothing, and medicine. Women held fundraisers to pay for state of war supplies. • Women worked as nurses. Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton became nurses for the Wedlock army. Sojourner Truth worked in Wedlock hospitals. Sally Tompkins set upwards a Confederate hospital.

Section 4 Assessment Affiliate 17, Department 4 The nation'southward first income revenue enhancement came nearly in lodge to a) pay for the Union war endeavour. b) punish men who deserted the Union ground forces. c) tax the men who paid to exit of serving in the army. d) get money for more than factories. 1 reason the Civil State of war caused economic ruin in the South was that a) prices of all kinds brutal dramatically. b) many plantations switched from wheat to cotton wool. c) the war damaged the cotton merchandise, the South'southward master source of income. d) southern markets were flooded with goods from sympathetic European countries. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Section 4 Assessment Chapter 17, Section 4 The nation'southward commencement income revenue enhancement came about in guild to a) pay for the Spousal relationship war attempt. b) punish men who deserted the Union army. c) tax the men who paid to exit of serving in the regular army. d) get money for more factories. 1 reason the Civil War caused economic ruin in the South was that a) prices of all kinds fell dramatically. b) many plantations switched from wheat to cotton fiber. c) the state of war damaged the cotton trade, the Southward'due south main source of income. d) southern markets were flooded with goods from sympathetic European countries. Want to connect to the American History link for this department? Click hither.

The War Ends Chapter 17, Section five • Why were the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg important? • What plan did Grant have for ending the war with the South? • Afterward his reelection, what hopes did Lincoln take for the Matrimony? • Why was the Civil War a major turning betoken in American history?

The Wedlock Victory at Vicksburg Chapter 17, Section 5 Date May 22 to July 4, 1863 Battle of Vicksburg What Happened Results Once again and again, Grant's forces tried to seize Vicksburg, a city on a cliff above the Mississippi River. Finally, Grant marched inland attacked Vicksburg from the rear. Grant's forces lay siege to the city, encircling it and blockading or bombarding it, in club to force information technology to surrender. Finally, the Confederates surrendered the city, giving the Union forces complete control of the Mississippi River.

The Union Victory at Gettysburg Chapter 17, Section 5 Date Battle What Happened Results June 30 to July 2, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg Lee surprised Marriage forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On the first day of battle, the Confederates collection the Spousal relationship forces out of Gettysburg. On the second day, Lee'south forces attacked the ends of the Union line, but the line held. On the third 24-hour interval, Lee ordered Full general George Pickett to lead fifteen, 000 men in a daring charge against the center of the Spousal relationship line. The concluding assault led by Pickett is known equally Pickett's Accuse. Row later on row of Amalgamated soldiers were shot down. Lee's forces had to retreat. The Confederates would never invade the North again.

The Gettysburg Accost Chapter 17, Section 5 "We here highly resolve that these dead shall non take died in vain—that this nation, nether God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, past the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. " —Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, Nov 19, 1863

Grant's Plan for Ending the War Chapter 17, Department 5 • Destroy the South's ability to fight by waging total war, a kind of warfare in which an ground forces destroys everything that might be useful to the enemy, such as food and equipment. • Grant sent Full general Philip Sheridan and his cavalry into the rich farmland of Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan destroyed farms, livestock, and barns filled with grain. • Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, Georgia, then march to the Atlantic coast. Sherman burned a large part of Atlanta. Then, Sherman's army began its "march to the ocean, " destroying everything in its path—railroad tracks, livestock, fields, barns, homes, bridges, and factories.

Grant's Plan for Catastrophe the State of war Affiliate 17, Section 5

Lincoln'due south Hopes for the Union Chapter 17, Section 5 "With malice toward none, with clemency for all. . . let u.s. strive. . . to bind up the nation's wounds. . . to do all which may reach a only and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. " —Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address

The Civil State of war Ends Chapter 17, Section v

The Ceremonious War Ends Affiliate 17, Section 5 Lee and his army were trapped by Marriage troops at the modest Virginia boondocks of Appomattox Court House. He knew his troops would exist slaughtered if he kept fighting. On Apr 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant offered generous terms of surrender. • Soldiers were required to plow over their rifles, simply officers were immune to keep their pistols. • Soldiers who had horses could go along them. • Grant ordered that "each officeholder and man volition exist immune to return to his dwelling house, not to be disturbed past the United States regime. "

The Civil War—A Turning Indicate in American History Chapter 17, Section 5 • • • The toll of the Civil State of war was immense. To this day no state of war has resulted in more than American deaths. The economic toll of the Civil State of war was huge—more than eleven times the entire corporeality spent by the federal government between 1789 and 1861. The balance of ability was changed. The Democratic party lost its influence. The Republican party grew stronger. No longer would Americans speak of the nation equally a confederation of states. People began to think of the United states as one nation, instead of many states. The power of the federal government grew. The war put an end to slavery in the Usa. Millions of African Americans gained their liberty. Other Americans began to think about what information technology meant to be complimentary and equal.

The Civil War • Lincoln bug the Emancipation Proclamation • Northern economy booms • South loses its cotton wool trade with Britain • Full war destroys the South'southward economy • Hundreds of thousands of Americans killed Effects Today Effects • Outcome of slavery in the territories divides the Due north and Due south • Abolitionists want slavery to finish • S fears it will lose power in the national government • Southern states secede after Lincoln's election • Confederates bombard Fort Sumter The Civil War Causes Chapter 17, Section 5 • Disagreements over states' rights persist • African Americans take equal protection under the Constitution • Millions of Americans visit Civil War battlefields each yr

Section five Cess Chapter 17, Section five Lincoln finally found a general in Ulysses Southward. Grant. His plan for total war meant a) the Union would try to surround the Confederacy with British and French forces. b) the Spousal relationship would blockade southern ports and wait until the South gave up. c) Union forces would destroy all food, equipment, and anything else in their path that might help the enemy. d) Spousal relationship forces would use the hit-and-run tactics of guerrilla warfare against the enemy. One reason the Ceremonious War is considered a turning point in the nation's history is that a) the South became a much less important function of the Union than the N. b) the state of war price so much less than anyone expected it to. c) the state of war raised the consequence of secession, which many states take tried to do since that time. d) after the war, people thought of the U.s. as ane nation rather than a confederation of states. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Section v Assessment Affiliate 17, Section 5 Lincoln finally found a full general in Ulysses S. Grant. His programme for total war meant a) the Union would endeavour to surroundings the Confederacy with British and French forces. b) the Union would blockade southern ports and wait until the South gave up. c) Wedlock forces would destroy all food, equipment, and annihilation else in their path that might help the enemy. d) Union forces would use the hitting-and-run tactics of guerrilla warfare against the enemy. One reason the Ceremonious War is considered a turning point in the nation's history is that a) the South became a much less important part of the Matrimony than the North. b) the war toll so much less than anyone expected it to. c) the war raised the issue of secession, which many states have tried to do since that fourth dimension. d) afterwards the war, people thought of the United States equally one nation rather than a confederation of states. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

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